Optimized Charging Scheme Using Resonant Converter Technology for Electric Vehicles (EV) Battery Charging System

Sapna Bhagwandin Verma, Ashok K. Pandey

Abstract


The rapid creation of electric vehicles (EVs) makes it necessary, that charging system must be efficient and reliable to support sustainable conveyance. This paper demonstrates an optimized charging scheme for EVs using a resonant converter technique. The system is proposed considering the significant challenges in EV battery charging, including efficiency, power density, and thermal management. Leveraging resonant converters that integrate full bridge, resonant tank, and High-Frequency Transformer (HFTF) with a proposed compensating element linked to the secondary side of the HFTF improves the safety and effectiveness of the EV charging system by adjusting the Duty Ratio of Constant Current and Constant Voltage modes. A model is developed to evaluate the resonant converter's behavior and its parameters are optimized for various charging scenarios. The experimental outcomes on MATLAB show the effect of the proposed scheme, demonstrating important improvements in the efficiency of the charger and stability of the overall system compared to charging methods that are traditionally used. The MATLAB results have been validated on the OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The optimized proposed model with a resonant converter-based charging scheme contributes a promising solution for the EV infrastructure, and future for quicker, more efficient, and reliable Electric Vehicle charging.


Keywords


constant current (CC); constant voltage (CV); electric vehicle (EV); resonant converters

Full Text:

PDF

References


Seung-Ho Han, Moon-Gyu Jeong, Seung-Kwon Yang and Han-Byul Lee, "Performance test for EV Quick Charger," 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Seoul, 2012, pp. 1516-1519,doi:10.1109/VPPC.2012.64225 90.

N. Bhati and U. K. Kalla, "A Single Phase – Single Stage Improved Power Quality EV Charger for Small and Medium Power Application," 2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India, 2021, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/STPEC52385.2021.9718738.

S. Li and C. C. Mi, “Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-17, Mar. 2015.

C.-S. Wang, O. H. Stielau, and G. A. Covic, “Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 5, Oct. 2005.

S. Rahman, I. A. Khan and M. H. Amini, "A Review on Impact Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging on Power Distribution Systems," 2020, 2nd International Conference on Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems (SPIES), Bangkok, Thailand, 2020, pp. 420-425, doi: 10.1109/SPIES48661.2020.9243118.

T. Yuvaraj, K. R. Devabalaji, J. A. Kumar, S. B. Thanikanti and N. I. Nwulu, "A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution Networks," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 5404-5461, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3349274.

A. Dubey and S. Santoso, "Electric Vehicle Charging on Residential Distribution Systems: Impacts and Mitigations," in IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 1871-1893, 2015, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS. 2015.2476996.

M. M. Ahmed, M. A. Enany, A. A. Shaier, H. M. Bawayan and S. A. Hussien, "An Extensive Overview of Inductive Charging Technologies for Stationary and In-Motion Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 69875-69894, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3402553.

Shakti Singh, Shubhangi Jagota, Mukesh Singh, “Energy Management and Voltage Stabilization in an Islanded Microgrid through an Electric Vehicle Charging Station,”(2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.055

D. Patil, M. K. McDonough, J. M. Miller, B. Fahimi and P. T. Balsara, "Wireless Power Transfer for Vehicular Applications: Overview and Challenges," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3-37, March 2018, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2017.2780627.

Y. Kobayashi, M. Hamanaka, K. Niimi, K. Yukita, T. Matsumura and Y. Goto, "Power Quality Improvement Method Using EV for PV Output Fluctuation," 2018 International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid), Nagasaki, Japan, 2018, pp. 272-275, doi: 10.1109/ISGWCP.2018.8634448.

G. Sun, Z. Song, J. Xi, and L. Zhu, "Design and Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy Based on Capacity Difference," 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Power, Electronics and Computer Applications (ICPECA), Shenyang, China, 2022, pp. 585-589, doi: 10.1109/ICPECA53709.2022.971906.

S. Y. Chu, X. Cui, X. Zan, and A. -T. Avestruz, "Transfer-Power Measurement Using a Non-Contact Method for Fair and Accurate Metering of Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 1244-1271, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3105689.

P. K. Saha, N. Chakraborty, A. Mondal, and S. Mondal, "Optimal Sizing and Efficient Routing of Electric Vehicles for a Vehicle-on-Demand System," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1489-1499, March 2022, doi: 10.1109/TII. 2021.3091597.

M. P. Fanti, A. M. Mangini, M. Roccotelli and B. Silvestri, "Innovative Approaches for Electric Vehicles Relocation in Sharing Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 21-36, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/ TASE.2021.3103808.

P. P. Gupta, N. Kumar, and U. Nangia, "Design and Analysis of LLC Resonant Converter and CCCV Topology for Battery Charging," 2022 2nd Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON), Ravet, India, 2022, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ASIANCON55314.2022.9909135.

M.Z. Youssef and P.K. Jain, “A review and performance evaluation of control techniques in resonant converters,” in IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Busan, Korea, 2004, pp. 215-221.

Rahman, M. F., Patterson, D., Cheok, A., & Betz, R. (2018). Motor drives. In M. H. Rashid (Ed.), Power Electronics Handbook (4th ed., pp. 945-1021). Butterworth-Heinemann, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811407-0.00034-9.

D. Anseán, M. González, J. C. Viera, J. C. Álvarez, C. Blanco and V. M. García, "Evaluation of LiFePO4 batteries for Electric Vehicle applications," 2013 International Conference on New Concepts in Smart Cities: Fostering Public and Private Alliances (SmartMILE), Gijon, Spain, 2013, pp.1-8,doi:10.1109/SmartMILE.2013.6708 211.

L. Bao, L. Fan, and Z. Miao, "Real-Time Simulation of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Systems," 2018 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Fargo, ND, USA, 2018, pp. 1-6, doi:10.1109/NAPS. 2018. 8600543.

C. Sabillón Antúnez, J. F. Franco, M. J. Rider, and R. Romero, "A New Methodology for the Optimal Charging Coordination of Electric Vehicles Considering Vehicle-to-Grid Technology," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 596-607, April 2016, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2505502.

R. Xiong, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, H. He, S. Peng and M. Pecht, "Lithium-Ion Battery Health Prognosis Based on a Real Battery Management System Used in Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4110-4121, May 2019, doi: 10.1109 /TVT. 2018.2864688.

F. An, J. Jiang, W. Zhang, C. Zhang and X. Fan, "State of Energy Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack via Prediction in Electric Vehicle Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 184-195, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2021.3125194.

A. Balakhontsev, O. Beshta, V. Boroday, S. Khudolii and S. Pirienko, "A Review of Topologies of Quick Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Modern Electrical and Energy Systems (MEES), Kremenchuk, Ukraine, 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/MEES52427.2021.9598796.

T. Muni Prakash et al., "A Review on Optimization Techniques of Charging the Battery in EV," 2022 Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS), Coimbatore, India, 2022, pp. 799-804, doi: 10.1109/ ICAIS53314.2022.9743126.

M. Senol, I. S. Bayram, Y. Naderi, and S. Galloway, "Electric Vehicles Under Low Temperatures: A Review on Battery Performance, Charging Needs, and Power Grid Impacts," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 39879-39912, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3268615.

Liu L, Ding Y, Peng F, Tian Y, WangK and Chen Z, “A grid voltage perturbations based bidirectional impedance uniform controller grid-connected DC/AC converter,” 2023, IET Renew. Power Gener. 17 3195–208.

G. Rajendran, C. Aravind Vaithilingam, K. Naidu, K. Satya Prakash Oruganti1, “Energy efficient converters for electric vehicle charging stations”, 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG Applied Sciences 2:583 | doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2369-0

Aayushi Priyadarshini, Shekhar Yadav, and Nitesh Tiwari, “Buck converter-based transformer-less electric vehicle charger using artificial intelligent controller,” in International Journal of PowertrainsVol. 13, No. 2, July 24, 2024, pp 156-177, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPT.2024.140132

Yameena Tahir, Irfan Khan, Syed Rahman, Muhammad Faisal Nadeem, Atif Iqbal, Yinliang Xu, and Mohammad Rafi, “A state-of-the-art review on topologies and control techniques of solid-state transformers for electric vehicle extreme fast charging,”2021 IET Power Electronics 2021;14:1560–1576.

Anil. Kumar, S. Chanana, and Amit Kumar, Analysis of new optimization technique MGO tuned FOIPDF controller in load frequency control. Electr Eng (2024), doi.org/10.1007/s00202-024-02441-5.